Final minion & Vector Graphics

A Vector is a path and Vector Graphics allow you to create a shape by creating a path. It makes it possible to edit each object separately, you can change the shape, colour, position and size. Vector Graphics are scalable, so you don't loose quality when resizing them.

Vector Graphics are made up of objects, and the individual objects can be edited. The size of Vector graphics are small, because the computer will store the details of the objects, which means it doesn't require much memory, this also means that they tend not to look that realistic. 
Here are some vector tutorial sites:
vectorboom.com/load/tutorials/1
www.creativebloq.com/digital-art/illustrator-tutorials-1232697
Here's an example of when Vector Graphics are used:

After effects video

Key Frames allow you to pinpoint certain areas of a picture in order to make it move (only on the pinpointed areas). It defines the starting and ending points of any smooth transition. It allows a still image to be transformed into a moving image. Here's an example of how Key Framing can be used:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWngi8U7R9I&feature=youtu.be

Pattern Swatches

Creating pattern swatches is when you create a unique pattern within a shape. You first start off creating 4 polka dots (any colour you wish) on each corner of the grid, forming a square shape. Then, you create a transparent box (also whichever colour you'd like) over the polka dots. When that's complete you then highlight the overall shape and drag it into the colour palette, and your pattern should then be visible.